[16] The eastern population winters on the Yangtze River and Lake Poyang in China, and the western population in Fereydoon Kenar in Iran. The main autumn migration usually begins towards the end of September (Johnsgard 1983), although birds (thought to be non-breeders [Cramp and Simmons 1980]) have been recorded on passage over the Volga delta as late as October-December (Cramp and Simmons 1980). The key threat to this species is wetland loss and degradation at wintering sites and staging areas through diversion of water for human use, agricultural development, the development of oilfields and increased human utilisation. Jilin province hosts birds during both passage periods during March to May and September to November, with numbers at Momoge National Nature Reserve peaking at 3,590 individuals in May 2012 and 3,639 individuals in late October 2012 (Jiang Hongxing 2013). For Siberian natives – Yakuts and Yukaghirs - the white crane is a sacred bird associated with sun, spring and kind celestial spirits ajyy. In response, it is probable that a dam will be constructed at the outlet to Poyang Lake to stabilize winter water levels. Please login or … In the case of Siberian cranes, the migratory routes followed by their different populations are also used by a number of other migratory birds which also include 32 endangered species. Our last location for No. The fifth issue of the International Studbook was published in 2009 (Kashentseva and Belterman 2009). Siberian Crane Flyway Coordination 5. 2013). http://www.birdlife.org on 02/12/2020. The eastern populations winter mainly in the Poyang Lake area in China. A deep red mask covers the bird’s face from its bill to behind the eyes. Those that winter in India and Iran use artificial water impoundments and flooded rice fields (del Hoyo et al. The most significant threat to the eastern flyway is a proposed dam at the outlet of Poyang Lake to stabilize water flows for navigation, irrigation, and other economic purposes–to be built in part in response to impacts of the Three Gorges Dam on water levels in the Yangtze River. In the summer grounds they feed on a range of plants including the roots of hellebore (Veratrum misae), seeds of Empetrum nigrum as well as small rodents (lemmings and voles), earthworms and fish. Justification of Red List CategoryThis long-lived crane qualifies as Critically Endangered owing to the likelihood that its global population will decline extremely rapidly over the next three generations following the development of the Three Gorges Dam, a large number of other dams on the Yangtze River and its tributaries, and now a proposed dam at the outlet to the Poyang lake in China which threatens the wintering grounds used by the vast majority of individuals. The Siberian village of Oymyakon is regarded as the coldest permanently-inhabited place on earth. The Siberian crane (Leucogeranus leucogeranus), also known as the Siberian white crane or the snow crane, is a bird of the family Gruidae, the cranes. The western area in the river basins of the Ob, Konda and Sossva and to the east a much larger population in Yakutia between the Yana and the Alazeya rivers. the Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for the Siberian Crane, "Record of two unique observations of the Indian cheetah in Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri", "Phylogeny of cranes (Gruiformes: Gruidae) based on cytochrome-b DNA sequences", "Phenetic relationships within the family Gruidae", "Mitochondrial genome sequences and the phylogeny of cranes (Gruiformes: Gruidae)", "Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin", "Tableaux synoptiques de l'ordre des Hérons", "[Sexual and individual differences in the vocal repertoire of adult Siberian Cranes (, "How long do birds live The passenger pigeon", "Will the Three Gorges Dam affect the underwater light climate of Vallisneria spiralis L. and food habitat of Siberian crane in Poyang Lake? Scientific Name Grus leucogeranus. [26][27], Siberian cranes return to the Arctic tundra around the end of April and beginning of May. Construction of the Three Gorges Dam changed the hydrological pattern of the lower Yangtze river and may have a major impact on the wintering population, as may the quantity of sand-dredging that is also occurring along the Yangtze (Larson 2018). The species breeds in Russia and winters in China, Iran, and formerly in India, undertaking a 5,000 km migration … Pesticide use and pollution is a threat in India. 2009, P. Khalafbeigi in litt. Non-breeding Resting areas and stopovers on migration tend to consist of large, isolated wetlands (del Hoyo et al. An individual that escaped from a private menagerie was shot in the Outer Hebrides in 1891. Poisoning targeted at waterbirds in China, e.g. Some birds have been marked and fitted with satellite transmitters (Germogenov et al. IDENTIFICATION Adults – red skin on forehead, face and sides of the head, white plumage with black wingtips, reddish pink legs; juvenile – plumage mix of white and cinnamon-brown feathers, tan head. Diet This species is omnivorous (del Hoyo et al. In western Siberia there are only around ten of these cranes in the wild. The Eastern Flyway population breeds between the rivers Kolyma and Yana and south to the Morma mountains in Yakutia. In yakut epics Olonkho shamans and shamaness transform into white cranes. Breeding site It builds a large mound of grass and sedge 50-80 cm in diameter emerging above water 25-60 cm deep (del Hoyo et al. Some rarer types like the Siberian crane (now endangered) also migrate here. In 1995 and 1996 thirteen Siberian cranes (Grus leucogeranus) were fitted with satellite transmitters on the breeding grounds in northeastern Siberia.Eleven of these 13 birds were successfully satellite tracked, and five of these 11 provided complete migratory information from their breeding grounds in Yakutia, Siberia, to their wintering area at Poyang Lake, in China. Migration of Birds in India: India is a winter home for most of the Siberian birds such as Siberian Cranes, Greater Flamingo, and Demoiselle Crane, also numerous species of birds from other regions of the world. [16], Siberian cranes are widely dispersed in their breeding areas and are highly territorial. 1996). in litt. The world population was estimated in 2010 at about 3,200 birds, mostly belonging to the eastern population with about 95% of them wintering in the Poyang Lake basin in China, a habitat that may be altered by the Three Gorges Dam. [17][30] In 1974 as many as 75 birds wintered in Bharatpur and this declined to a single pair in 1992 and the last bird was seen in 2002. Several species of crane migrate to Izumi including Sandhill, white-necked, Siberian, and Demoiselle cranes. The Central Asian flock breeds on the basin of the Kunovat river, the north of West Siberia, Russia (Sorokin and Kotyukov 1982), and wintered at Keoladeo National Park, India; however, none have been seen at Keoladeo since winter 2001/2002 (Vardhan 2002), and this flock may now be extinct; unconfirmed, but credible reports of the species have continued from West Siberia, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and India, however (Shilina 2008). In addi-tion, there have been some unconfirmed Siberian Crane sightings at breeding sites in West Siberia (Markin et al 2007) and regular observations of 2–7 Siberian Cranes during migration stopovers in Naurzum nature reserve in Kazakhstan (Bragin 2003, 2005, Only two sightings were reported from the Volga Delta in 2012 (Rusanov et al. Breeding During the summer its diet is broad, consisting primarily of roots, rhizomes, seeds, sprouts of sedges and other plant materials, but also insects, fish, rodents and other small animals (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Kazakhstan is the only country where long-term migration stopovers of Siberian Cranes are known. A hydro-electric scheme is also proposed for the headwaters of the Aldan River basin, the construction of power lines northwards to Yakutsk, and oil and gas prospecting (Prentice and Stishov 2007). attracting approximately 95% of all Siberian cranes globally to replenish their energy from April to May each year [9, 24]. [4] Ustad Mansur, a 17th-century court artist and singer of Jahangir, had illustrated a Siberian crane about 100 years earlier. Voice Flute-like and musical. Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard (1983) 7. Operation of its sluice gates has not been determined, but early proposals called for significantly increased water levels through the winter season, which would make most or all current foraging areas for the cranes inaccessible, perhaps causing extremely rapid declines in the next three generations. 2002), and winters in Fereydoonkenar in Iran (recently c.10 birds [Kanai et al. Provide technical assistance on wildlife health monitoring and management practices at staging and wintering areas. According to the IUCN Red List, the total population size of the Siberian crane is 3,500-4,000 individuals. The status of this crane is critical and the world population is estimated to be around 3200–4000, nearly all of them belonging to the eastern breeding population. In Mahabharata verse, the name of the place, Shashayāna refers to a resting place. In Western Siberia the establishment of oilfields and associated urban developments are significant causes of habitat loss and degradation (Van Impe 2013).Increasing levels of human disturbance are also a problem, particularly at Poyang Lake, where crab farming may restrict access to high-quality foraging habitat (Burnham et al. 2013. Several types of crane come to Izumi, the most common being the hooded crane. It typically lays two eggs but generally does not fledge more than one chick. 2008) and counts of 3,400 at Momoge in May 2011 and at Poyang in early 2012. 2002, Shilina 2008) passing through Azerbaijan during migration (E. Sultanov et al. Their resting place at the time of migration is the Lake Ab-i-Estada in Afghanistan. They are very diurnal, feeding almost all throughout the day. Text account compilersTaylor, J., Allinson, T, Martin, R., Ashpole, J, Capper, D., Bird, J., Benstead, P., Chan, S., Calvert, R., Peet, N., Pilgrim, J., Symes, A. ContributorsHarris, J., Li, Z., Hung, K., Sultanov, E., Vladimirtseva, M., Khalafbeigi, P., Mirande, C., Zadegan, S., Ilyashenko, E., Sundar, G. Recommended citation Foster relationships with hunters to improve awareness and promote sustainable hunting of waterbirds, and to engage hunters to protect and report sightings of Siberian Cranes, especially in Western and Central Asia. Bogs and salt-licks used by ungulates, particularly Alces alces, offer greater foraging resources as trampling by the ungulates exposes rhizomes and roots on which the cranes forage (Degtyarev and Sleptsov 2013). The species relies on a network of important wetlands along its migration route, which follows the Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma Rivers through Yakutia before continuing along the Aldan River and tributaries and south into China. Construction of the Three Gorges Dam has changed the hydrological pattern of the lower Yangtze River, resulting in lower water levels in winter. Siberia (/ s aɪ ˈ b ɪər i ə /; Russian: Сибирь, tr. The Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus) also known as the Siberian White Crane or the Snow Crane, is a bird of the family Gruidae, the cranes. This includes: 1) water management at Poyang needs to sustain wetland productivity and ensure that extensive mudflats and shallow water areas are available throughout the winter, 2) strengthen integrated water management at migratory stopover sites in north-east China, guided by on-going monitoring of the condition of these wetlands, to support wetland ecosystems that can support cranes, 3) maintain or improve water quality at key stopover and migration sites to avoid detrimental ecosystem change or direct impacts on crane survival, 4) continue long-term research on the effects of changes in water levels on water plants and water birds at Poyang and at sites in north-east China, and 5) protect and manage additional stopover sites, especially from Liaoning to Jiangxi Provinces, based on further investigation of migratory habitats. 2014).The Western/Central Flyway population is divided into Central Asian and Western Asian flocks. 2004), and inhibits recovery. If the impacts of these developments prove to be less damaging than is feared, the species may warrant downlisting. 1996), as well as steppes near water, open jheels and swamps (Johnsgard 1983). Downloaded from Siberian Cranes are snowy white color birds and migrate during winter to India. Siberian Crane autumn migration 2002. Large white crane. Satellite telemetry was used to track the migration of a flock that wintered in Iran. Disturbance from boating activities is also a problem at stopover sites. Along eastern migration routes, water has been diverted from the Zhalong and Momoge National Nature Reserve for human use. The iris is yellowish. [9][10], A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus Grus, as then defined, was polyphyletic. Common Crane in Cambridgeshire Wed 05 Aug 2020 - Wed 02 Dec 2020. Twelve important Siberian Crane sites along both Western and Central Flyways are designated in the Western/Central Asian Site Network for the Siberian Crane and other waterbirds established under CMS MoU and UNEP/GEF SCWP, and another 24 sites are proposed for inclusion. It makes the longest migrations of any crane species, up to 10,000 miles round trip, and habitat loss along its migration routes is a major cause of the crane's population crisis. The western population has dwindled to 4 in 2002 and was thought to be extirpated but one 1 individual was seen in Iran in 2010. Among the cranes, they make the longest distance migrations. Individual variation is very slight and most calls have a dominant frequency of about 1.4 kHz. Habitat The Siberian Crane is the most aquatic member of its family, breeding and wintering in wetlands, and shows a general preference for wide expanses of shallow (up to 30 cm) fresh water with good visibility. A Monograph of the Cranes by Frans Ernst Blaauw (1897) 8. The Siberian Crane is presently an endangered species. In late springs some birds have been known to nest on drier, more hilly areas of polygonal tundra, and non-breeders sometimes occur on high, hilly banks of rivers and lakes and in small depressions between large, elongated hills (Johnsgard 1983). [6][7][8] The Siberian crane lacks the complex tracheal coils found in most other cranes but shares this feature with the wattled crane. The most recent drought forced birds to feed in sub-optimal upland habitat. 2004, Shilina et al. The eastern populations migrate during winter to China while the western population winters in Iran and formerly, in Bharatpur, India . 2004, Mirande 2007, 2010, Prentice 2010). Also canals and fragmentation within the reserve have altered water flow. The pattern of movement of migration of Siberian Crane is from very cold climate to warmer climate. This Critically Endangered bird is third rarest and the most threatened species of crane in the world. The young birds fledge in about 80 days. Population. The Siberian Crane has a migration pattern that spans 4000 miles from the Russian Arctic to China, India, Nepal and Iran. [16] In their wintering grounds in China, they have been noted to feed to a large extent on the submerged leaves of Vallisneria spiralis. Huanzidong Reservoir, Shenyang Region, may also affect this species. Captive-raised birds have been released in an effort to maintain the Central Asian (G. Sundar in litt. As a result of water diversions and climate fluctuations, floods and droughts are increasingly frequent at Poyang. [25] Specimens wintering in India have been found to have mainly aquatic plants in their stomachs. They dip their beaks in mud and smear it on their feathers. India. 2007). 2013). They are distinctive among the cranes, adults are nearly all snowy white, except for their black primary feathers that are visible in flight and a naked red face, with two breeding populations in the Arctic tundra of western and eastern Russia. The unison call differed from that of most cranes and some authors suggested that the Siberian crane belonged in the genus Bugeranus along with the wattled crane. The area is protected, and the birds are fed every day. The expansion of lakes and subsequent habitat modification has been on-going in the breeding grounds of the eastern population since the 1950s (Pshennikov and Germogenov 2008). It has a … Vuosalo, E. 2013. Issued by Pakistan. From 1991 to 2010, 139 captive-bred birds were released at breeding grounds (Kunovat River Basin), migration stopovers (south of Tyumen Region and Volga Delta) and wintering grounds in Iran (Shilina et al. Determine movements and behavior of birds during their first summer to identify and manage key sites for sub-adult birds. [14][15][16][17][18][19] There is a single record of an outsized male of this species weighing 15 kg (33 lb). It discriminates strongly in favour of sites that are infrequently visited by man (Cramp and Simmons 1980). There are no elongated tertial feathers as in some other crane species. The wintering site at Poyang in China holds an estimated 98% of the population and is threatened by hydrological changes caused by the Three Gorges Dam and other water development projects. Poyang Lake thus drains more rapidly into the Yangtze during the low water period. BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Leucogeranus leucogeranus. The usual clutch is two eggs, which are incubated by the female after the second egg is laid. The structure of the distribution range and population of the Siberian crane in its regular breeding area in the northeastern Yakutian tundra are described, as well as the migration … Alauda 81(4): 269-296. 2004) and Western Asian flocks (Zadegan et al. In Liaoning province, Huanzidong Reservoir in Shenyang region, 900 Siberian Cranes have been recorded during autumn migration (Li Fengshan 2003, Zhou Haixiang 2006), and 1,100 in spring (Bai Qing-Quan 2008), and numbers at Wolong Lake peaked at 1,200 in March 2008 (Bai Qing-Quan 2008). When calling, the birds stretch their neck forward. The Siberian Crane Grus leucogeranus is regarded as a critically endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, with a global population of 3,500 to 4,000 individuals (Bird Life International 2016).In China (its main wintering range) it is listed as a category I nationally protected species (Li et al. The first record of the species in Taiwan (China) was made in December 2014, when one individual was observed (K-C. Hung in litt. They were earlier thought to be predominantly fish eating on the basis of the serrated edge to their bill, but later studies suggest that they take animal prey mainly when the vegetation is covered by snow. [14] During breeding season, both the male and female cranes are often seen with mud streaking their feathers. The spring migration commences in late-March or early-April (Cramp and Simmons 1980), with birds travelling in pairs or small groups of up to 10 (Johnsgard 1983). The main wintering sites were in the middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze river; now almost the entire population winters at or very near Poyang Lake, China. Issued for: Pakistan Post Office is issuing a special postage stamp on Siberian Crane of Rs. Latest Sightings of Siberian Crane The latest sighting details and map for Siberian Crane are only available to our BirdGuides Ultimate or our BirdGuides Pro subscribers. [12] The genus Leucogeranus had been introduced by the French biologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1855. The western subpopulation numbers only a single individual aside from reintroduced birds. To help protect key wetland sites, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Crane Foundation conducted the UNEP/GEF Siberian Crane Wetland Project from 2003-2009, conceived in 1998, to protect and manage a network of sites across Asia critical to Siberian Cranes and 26 other threatened species (del Hoyo et al. Photo Taken At Tulsa Zoo, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA. Map of Siberian Crane sightings in Pakistan (extract from Atlas of Key Sites for the Siberian Crane and Other Waterbirds in Western/Central Asia (2010) [PDF 1,210 KB] News Media Watch The routes followed by migratory birds on their journeys between their breeding and wintering places are known as flyways. Surveys of the districts and counties around the lake show an increase in birds using the location from around a hundred birds in 1980/81 to an estimated 3,902 individuals in winter 2002/2003, since when the population has fluctuated between lows of around 2,000 individuals in 2008/2009 and 2012/2013, and highs of 3,800-4,000 individuals in the winters of 2005/2006, 2007/2008 and 2011/2012 (Li Fengshan et al. Conservation Actions UnderwayCITES Appendix I. CMS Appendix I and II. The call is very different from the trumpeting of most cranes and is a goose-like high pitched whistling toyoya. 2011). 1996). By Lauren Lewis March 11, 2016 June 12th, ... a closer view. Russian scientists started the “Flight of Hope” project which replicates the methodologies that have successfully helped to boost Whooping Crane populations in North America (G. Sundar in litt. Find out where and when this bird was seen. [36] The Siberian crane is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies and is subject of the Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for the Siberian Crane concluded under the Bonn Convention. Cooperate with gas and oil companies in Russia and China to minimize disturbance and habitat degradation. 2011). They are distinctive among the cranes, adults are nearly all snowy white, except for their black primary feathers that are visible in flight and with two breeding populations in the Arctic tundra of western and eastern Russia. Migration Map (11 x 17 in) ... Visit the UNEP/GEF Siberian Crane Wetland Project website to view interactive maps of the fall 2008 and spring 2009 migrations and click here to view related background information and education material for students on the migration studies. The Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus), also known as the Siberian white crane or the snow crane, is a bird of the family Gruidae, the cranes. They were noted to rest on the eastern end of the Volga delta. Hunting in Pakistan and Afghanistan during migration affects them as well. They maintain feeding territories in winter but may form small and loose flocks, and gather closer at their winter roosts. As an example, we give the details for ID 21627 tracked in 1995 ( Table 2 and Fig. The North East Asian Crane Site Network has been established under the East Asia-Australasian Flyway Partnership. The preferred nesting habitat in Yakutia was found to consist of damp tidal flat with well-developed vegetative cover made up of typical polygonal swamp associations of sedges and cottongrass (Eriophorum) forming sparse, short stands (Johnsgard 1983). The male stands guard nearby. 1996, G. Sundar in litt. Four flourishing colonies of captive Siberian Cranes successfully raise the species for education and conservation purposes. Juvenile has feathered mask and buff or cinnamon plumage. RANGE This Critically Endangered species is now only found in one main population in East Asia, with a The population increase per year is less than 10%, the lowest recruitment rate among cranes. [20], The breeding area of the Siberian crane formerly extended between the Urals and Ob river south to the Ishim and Tobol rivers and east to the Kolyma region. Achievements include improved protection for over 2.4 million hectares through designation of four new reserves, expansion of three others and upgraded legal protection status at another three, the designation of five new Ramsar sites, new management plans and improved capacity for many sites, and an extensive environmental education programme (Prentice 2010). 2008, Jiang Hongxing 2010, Jiang Hongxing pers. Their populations, particularly those in the western range, have declined drastically in the 20th century due to hunting along their migration routes and habitat degradation. [5] The genus Megalornis was used for the cranes by George Robert Gray and this species was included in it, while Richard Bowdler Sharpe suggested a separation from Grus and used the genus Sarcogeranus. Sibír', IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ()) is an extensive geographical region spanning much of Eurasia and Northern Asia.Siberia has been part of modern Russia since the latter half of the 16th century. Issued on Sep 8, 1983. Breeding occurs in territorial pairs at a density estimated in the 1970s to be around one pair per 625 km2 (Johnsgard 1983). In Liaoning province, Huanzidong Reservoir in Shenyang region, 900 Siberian Cranes have been recorded during autumn migration (Li Fengshan 2003, Zhou Haixiang 2006), and 1,100 in spring (Bai Qing-Quan 2008), and numbers at Wolong Lake peaked at 1,200 in March 2008 (Bai Qing-Quan 2008). Thus, conserving and protecting the Siberian crane would indeed offer conservation services to many other critical species. Migration stopovers are used by … Pairs will walk around other pairs to threaten them and drive them away from their territory. [16] Captive breeding was achieved by the International Crane Foundation at Baraboo after numerous failed attempts. Siberian Crane. They are however noted to pick up beetles and birds eggs in captivity. Researchers monitoring breeding sites in the remote Yakutia region incorporated remote sensing given the difficulties monitoring on the ground (Stishov and Bysykatova 2008). Males often killed their mates and captive breeding was achieved by artificial insemination and the hatching of eggs by other crane species such as the Sandhill and using floodlights to simulate the longer daylengths of the Arctic summer.[29]. This individual has been named 'Omid', meaning hope and has become the focus of education programmes including a BBC Persia documentary (Vuosalo 2013) and returned through to 2017. Identify, legally protect and manage key staging areas in Yakutia, accompanied by mitigation of development impacts along the flyway. They typically weigh 4.9–8.6 kg (11–19 lb) and stand about 140 cm (55 in) tall. According to the satellite tracking results, the MNNR is a long-term refueling stopover site during the Siberian crane migration [24, 25] due to … 1996). Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2020) IUCN Red List for birds. It is a long distance migrant and among the cranes, makes one of the longest migrations. 2017). [14] The western population winters in Iran and some individuals formerly wintered in India south to Nagpur and east to Bihar. It winters in the shallows and mudflats of seasonal lakes of the Yangtze Basin (del Hoyo et al. The Kaladeo Ghana National Park or the Bharatpur National Park has been declared a world heritage site because the Siberian Crane traverses nearly half of the globe to reach it. Hunting on passage and wintering grounds in Iran is the key threat to the Central/Western population (G. Sundar in litt. Eleven range states signed a Memorandum of Understanding under the Convention for Migratory Species (CMS MoU) and develop Conservation Plans every three years. 2008, 2011). Fast Facts: Siberian white crane ", "A sociogram for the cranes of the world", "Historical, Sociocultural, and Mythological Aspects of Faunal Conservation in Rajasthan", "The reported occurrence of Grus leucogeranus, "Discovery of breeding grounds of a Siberian Crane Grus leucogeranus flock that winters in Iran, via satellite telemetry", "Migration routes and important resting areas of Siberian cranes Crus leucogeranus between northeastern Siberian and China as revealed by satellite tracking", International Crane Foundation's Siberian crane page, Online broadcasting of white cranes’ lives from the Oksk hatchery arose, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siberian_crane&oldid=989146579, IUCN Red List critically endangered species, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Migration routes, breeding and wintering sites, This page was last edited on 17 November 2020, at 09:09. Overhunting of Alces alces reduces availability of rhizomes and roots usually exposed by trampling (Degtyarev and Sleptsov 2013). [11] In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, the Siberian crane was moved to the resurrected genus Leucogeranus. Management of water levels to sustain ecosystem function will be critical to the long-term viability of this species (Harris and Zhuang 2010).

siberian crane migration map

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siberian crane migration map 2020